ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: The adoption of methods for increasing the shelf life of dairy products by using natural preservatives is necessary. This study was done to determine the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel and its effect on the shelf life of flavored milks
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical studty the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel was investigated by using disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] by successive dilution of culture broth and then its impact on the shelf life of milk
Results: In disk diffusion method and MIC the antimicrobial effect of aqueous extract of orange peel was more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and less effective on Escherichia coli. The growth diameter of disk diffusion method in aqueous extract of orange peel was 7.11, 29.06 and 50 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, respectively. The inhibitory concentration in the aqueous extract of orange peel was 15, 2 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Also 0.17 g/ml of aqueous extract of orange peel in milk reduced the growth of microorganisms at the time of 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Temperature affected the growth of Candida albicans in the milk, so that the growth of microorganisms reduced with decreasing temperature [P<0.05]. The growth inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract of orange peel on Staphylococcus aureus was significantly more than on Escherichia coli [P<0.05]
Conclusion: This study showed that the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in vitro and in the milk
ABSTRACT
Background: Outbreak and spread of bacterial infections resulted in increasing use of antibiotics which subsequently leaded to bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of organic acids [Selko-pH[R]], Probiotic [PrimaLac[R]] and Echinacea purpurea [EP] alcoholic extract on the immune system of the broiler chickens, a completely randomized design experiment was conducted over 120 one-day-old male broiler chicks [Ross 308] with 4 treatment groups that each treatment consisted of 3 replications with 10 birds in each pen
Methods: Groups were designed as follow: group one received organic acid constantly in drinking water [1:1000 v/v] until 14th day and then received 8 hours in a day consecutively [OA]; group two received Probiotic [PrimaLac[R]] water soluble [by 14[th] day] and mix in the feed [until the end of the rearing period] [PM]; group three received EP alcoholic extract in drinking water [1:1000 v/v] like organic acid group and group four were considered as control [received no feed additives]
Results: All groups except the control increased the relative weight of the spleen and Bursa of Fabricius as lymphoid tissues; however, this increase was statistically significant only in the case of EP group [p
Conclusions: Feed additives used in these experiments have the ability to improve the immune system
ABSTRACT
Leptospirosis is an infectious and zoonosis disease, which is caused by leptospira and is transmitted from animal to human. The rapid diagnosis can control the disease, therefore this study was carried out to determine the prevalent serovars of leptospira using micro agglutination test [MAT] in human and cattles. In this descriptive study, 175 cattles and 67 suspected human serum samples were tested in five provinces in Iran during 2011-12. Serum samples tested by micro agglutination test using 20 live leptospira serogroup. Ninty nine out of 175 [56.5%] cattle serum samples and 31 out of 67 [46.2%] human samples were positive against leptospira antigen. The most prevalent leptospira serovar in cattles and human were Serjoe hardjo [61.9%] and Serjoe serjoe [23%], respectively. The most frequent titer in positive samples was equal to be 1/400. Fifty percent of human positive samples belong to farmers between 20-40 years old. The common contaminations belong to polluted water [61.1%] and infected blood [28.3%], respectively. Using micro agglutination test, the most prevalent leptospira serovar in cattles was Serjoe hardjo and in human was Serjoe serjoe
ABSTRACT
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is found in cattle farms and can live in the intestine of healthy cattle. Most cases of human illnesses including nonbloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome can be traced, either directly or indirectly, to cattle. One strategy for reducing the risk of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli [EHEC] infections in human is to reduce the prevalence of infection in cattle. Antiserum against whole cell of isolated E. coli O157:H7 from cattle showed inhibition of adherence of this strain to HEP-2 cells in 1:1280 titer and to intestine tissue of mice in 1:640 titer are significant. histology of intestine tissue confirms our results. The difference between in vivo and in vitro titrations for blocking the attachments depends on these two different conditions
ABSTRACT
H.pylori infection stimulates immune responses. These responses at the mucosal level are predominantly of IgA types, while circulating antibodies against this microorganism are predominantly IgG classes. IgM antibodies are rarely found and seem to be non-specific for this bacterium. In this research, water extract antigen, from three strains of H.pylori [isolated from patients with gastritis, duodenal ulcer and normal human] was investigated for the detection of serum IgG antibodies against H.pylori by an indirect ELISA technique. Antibody titers against H.pylori were measured in 72 patients of whom 64 cases were H.pylori positive and 8 cases were H.pylori negative [confirmed by culture and urease tests]. In this test, those titers that were more than 1/6400 indicated the rising of IgG titers and serum positive, being in testee, and the titers, which were equal or less than 1/6400 indicated the serum negative, being in individuals. Our ELISA results indicated that between 64 H.pylori positive individuals, 61 cases were serum positive and between 8 H.pylori negative patients, 5 individuals were serum negative; thus, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value [PPV] and negative predictive value [NPV] of the test were, 62.5%, 95.31%, 95.31%, 62.5%, respectively. The high level of sensitivity is because of using 3. different strains for preparing of antigens. But the reasons of low specificity are probably using of semi purified antigen